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Abrasion : The wearing away by friction. As rubbing against
another surface can damage glass filaments, they are coated with a
size to prevent filament breakage during manufacturing and further
processing.
"AR" Glass : See Cem-Fil®.
Assembled roving: A collection of parallel strands assembled
without intentional twist (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
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Batch oven : Large temperature-controlled oven, used to remove
by heat cleaning, the organic materials applied to the glass filament
surface.
Beam: A big spool on which a large number of yarns or ends
are wound parallel, and used for various operations as slashing, weaving,
knitting, laid scrim, multiaxial machine…
Beaming: Operation in which yarns ends pulled from several
section beams are combined by a beamer on a loom beam, in order to
supply the required number of warp ends specified by the fabric construction.
Binder, Binding agent: Mixture of chemical products (ingredients)
applied to strands or filaments in order to hold them in a desired
arrangement, for example, in chopped strand mat, continuous strand
mat, and surfacing mat (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Bobbin: The shipping package onto which textile strand or yarn
is wound, and that can be used on various textile processing (also
known as cops).
Braid: A planar flat or tubular fabric structure made by interlacing
several yarns in such a manner that all yarns lie at an angle other
than 0° or 90° to the length direction of the structure (according
to ISO/DIS 13922).
Braiding: A method of interlacing yarns or rovings (according
to ISO/DIS 13922).
Bushing: Platinum and rhodium alloy plate with several hundred
holes, from which molten glass flows by gravity.
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Cabled yarn: Yarn made from two or more plied yarns, which
have been twisted together in a third twisting operation. A cabled
yarn of "n" ends means that "n" plied yarns were used in its construction.
Cake: Primary package of glass filament strand wound on a tube
(called also sleeve) placed on the collet of a winder, during the
forming stage.
Cem-FIL®: The Vetrotex registered trade name for alkali-resistant
glass filaments used in the cement reinforcement. Their high content
of zirconium dioxide gives them the necessary chemical resistance
in the long term to acid or alkaline attack.
Chopped strands: Short cut strands (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Chopped strand mat: A mat formed of strands cut to a short
length, randomly distributed, without intentional orientation, and
held together by a binder (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Collet: A rotating cylinder onto which the glass filaments
are wound during the forming stage.
Continuous strand mat: A mat formed of uncut strands, held
together by a binder (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Coronizing: Continuous full or partial heat cleaning conducted
in a continuous oven.
Count: The number of warp and weft threads per centimeter,
counted on a fabric free of tension.
Coupling agent: A substance that promotes or establishes a
stronger bond at the interface of the matrix resin and the reinforcement
(according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Covering: Operation that consists in winding the glass yarn
around an electrical conductor, in one ore more layers to provide
it with an insulating sheath (also known as wrapping).
Creel: A structure holding a predetermined number of packages,
from which the yarns are pulled smoothly and uniformly for additional
processing operations as warping, sectional warping, warping sizing,
laid scrim…
Combustible matter content (called also LOI): The ratio of
the mass of material removed on calcinations from a dried textile
glass product, to the mass of the dried product (according to ISO/DIS
139222).
Crowfoot weave: A broken-twill weave1-up and 3-down or 3-up
and 1-down with two ends to the right and two ends to the left, commonly
referred to as four-harness satin or broken crow (according to ASTM
D 579). |
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"D" Glass: Glass composition with higher dielectrically characteristics
than "E" glass, used in the manufacture of radomes, electromagnetic
windows, and high performance printed circuit boards.
Desized product: Product (yarn, fabric…) from which the size
has been removed, for example by extraction with suitable solvents
or by thermal treatment (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Direct roving: Roving obtained by winding directly from a bushing
a large and predetermined number of filaments (according to ISO/DIS
13922).
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"E" Glass: A calcium alumino-borosilicate glass containing
less than 1% of alkali oxide when calculated as Na2O.
End: Term used also for describing warp yarns.
Entering: Operation that consists in threading warp yarns from
the loom beam through the heddles of the harness shaft according to
the entering design, and then through the reed blade. |
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Fabric: A planar structure composed of textile products.
Fabric construction: Number of yarns per centimeter length
in the warp and weft directions; possibly extended to the weave pattern
(according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Felt: A textile structure characterized by interlocking and
consolidation of its constituent fibers achieved by the interaction
of a suitable combination of mechanical energy, chemical action, moisture,
and heat but without the use of weaving, knitting, stitching, thermal
bonding, or adhesives (according to ASTM D 2475).
Fiber: A generic term designating a unit of matter characterized
by a high ratio of length to thickness or diameter (according to ISO/DIS
13922).
Filament: A single textile element of small diameter compared
to its length (it can be continuous or discontinuous) (according to
ISO/DIS 13922).
Filling: Yarn running crosswise to the warp in a fabric (also
known as fill, pick, weft).
Finish: A treatment applied to fabric to improve the adhesion
with a resin matrix.
Fuzz: Protuberance of broken filaments on the surface of fabric
or yarn (also known as fluff).
Fuzz ball: Accumulation of free broken filaments in fabric
or yarn structure.
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Greige fabric: Fabric that has received no finish (also known
as loom state, untreated).
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Heat cleaning: Thermal treatment conducted in a static oven
to remove the organic materials applied to glass fabrics.
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Inspection machine: A well-lighted device on which a roll of
fabric is running slowly and continuously to permit an observer to
identify and quantify the number of defects (also known as grading
machine).
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Kinky filling: Filling with protruding loop on the surface of
a fabric.
Knitted scrim: Flat structures in which both warp and weft
yarns are regularly, widely spaced and fixed by means of warp knitting
process.
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Laid scrim: Textile structure in which the weft and warp yarns
are linked together by an adhesive.
Laminated fabric: A multi-layer fabric in whom the successive
layers are fixed by bonding or impregnation on one or more surfaces.
Linear density: The mass per unit length of the yarn, with
or without size, expressed in the tex system (g.km-1) (according to
ISO/DIS 13922).
LOI - loss on ignition: Amount of organic material applied to
glass filament consumed by ignition (according ASTM D 123).
See also Combustible matter content.
Loom beam: A large spool on which the warp yarns are bound
and that feeds the loom.
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Mat: A flat structure made of strands, cut or uncut, oriented
or not, held together in the form of a sheet (according to ISO/DIS
13922).
Mesh fabrics: A flat fabric in which both warp and weft yarns
are widely spaced and locked by means of the leno weaving process.
Milled filaments: Filaments broken into very short lengths
by processing through a size-reduction mill.
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Needled mat: A mat whose elements are, felted together in a
needle loom, with or without a carrier (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
No-twist roving (for over-end unwinding): A roving in which
intentional twist was placed during assembly, so that when pulled
from a designated end of the package the twist is removed (according
to ISO/DIS 13922).
Non-woven fabric: A textile structure produced by bonding or
interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished by mechanical, chemical,
thermal, or solvent means and combinations thereof (according to ASTM
D1117).
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Package: Yarn in the form of units capable of being unwound
and suitable for handling, storing, shipping and use (according to
ISO/DIS 13922).
Plain weave: A fabric pattern in which each yarn of the filling
passes alternately over and under a yarn of warp and each yarn of
the warp passes alternately over and under a yarn of the filling (according
to ASTM D 4850).
Plied yarn: Yarn made from two or more single yarns, which
have been combined in a second twisting operation. |
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"R" glass: Glass composition with higher mechanical performance
than "E" glass, used in the "leading-edge" sectors: aircraft, space
and defense industry, but also in sport and leisure industry, transport
and ballistic armours.
Roving: A collection of parallel strands (assembled roving)
or parallel continuous filaments (direct roving) assembled without
intentional twist (according to ISO/DIS 13922). |
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Scrim: Woven or non-woven structure in which the yarns are
regularly and widely spaced.
Secondary sizing or warp size: Chemicals applied to the warp
yarn to improve strand integrity, abrasion resistance to withstand
the further textile processing.
Section beam: A large spool onto which yarns or strands pulled
from a creel are wound.
Single yarn: A continuous element, directly usable for textile
operation, made with either :
. a given number of continuous filaments (one or several strands)
held together with twist;
. a number of discontinuous filaments, held together with twist (according
to ISO/DIS 13922).
Size: Mixture of chemical products applied to continuous or
discontinuous filaments during their manufacture. A plastic size is
a product designed to obtain a good bond between the surface of the
fiber and the matrix resin; it generally contains ingredients that
facilitate certain operations of conversion or application (winding,
chopping, etc.).
A textile size is a product designed to facilitate subsequent textile
operations (twisting, folding, weaving, etc.).
A textile plastic size is a product designed either to facilitate
subsequent textile operations or to promote the bond between the surface
of the fiber and the matrix resin (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Slashing: Operation in which the secondary size also called
warp size is applied to yarns from several section beams. The sheets
are then dried, and wound on a beam to make up the loom beam.
Sleeving: A tubular structure with a collapsed width not exceeding
100 mm (see also tubing) (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Sliver: A continuous assembly of slightly bonded discontinuous
filaments in a practically parallel arrangement (according to ISO/DIS
13922).
Splice: A yarn made of two ends of yarn bound together by pneumatic
way.
Spun roving: A glass fibre strand repeatedly doubled back on
itself to form a roving, sometimes reinforced by one or more straight
strands (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Staple yarn: Yarn spun from discontinuous filaments (according
to ISO/DIS 13922).
Strand: An assembly of simultaneously produced parallel continuous
filaments, slightly bonded and without intentional twist (according
to ISO/DIS 13922).
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Unidirectional fabric: A flat structure with a great number
of yarns in one direction.
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Voluminized product: In the voluminized process, the glass
yarns or strands are fed into a nozzle in which air stream creates
a turbulence, which imparts bulk.
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Warp: Yarns lying in the lengthwise direction of the fabric
(0° direction) (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Warping: Operation in which a predetermined number of parallel
and equally tensioned yarns or ends are pulled from a creel, and wound
by a warper on a large spool called beam, to make up the section beam.
Weave pattern: The way in which warp and weft threads are crossed
each other. Web Flat structure made with filament laid with or without
orientation, held together by appropriate means (according to ISO/DIS
13922).
Weft: See Filling.
Winder: A machine with a rotating cylinder which draws glass
into filaments and winds them into package form as a cake or roving.
Woven fabric: A reinforcement filament fabric made by interlacing
at least two sets of threads perpendicular to each other, or at some
other specified angle, such interlacing being formed during weaving
on a loom or weaving machine (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
Woven scrim: A flat structure in which both warp and weft yarns
are widely spaced, and woven according plain weave pattern.
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Yarn: A general term covering all specific types of textile
structures, with or without twist, made of continuous or discontinuous
filaments (according to ISO/DIS 13922).
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Zerotwist products: Glass filament products manufactured with
no intentional twist.
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